- •Textbook Series
- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •1 ICAO Annex 6
- •Introduction
- •Compliance with the Law
- •Operational Control
- •Safety
- •Alternate Aerodromes
- •Flight time
- •Flight Safety and Accident Prevention
- •Maintenance Release
- •Lighting of Aircraft
- •Navigation Lights
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •2 EU-OPS General Requirements
- •Applicability
- •Common Language
- •Quality System
- •Accident Prevention and Flight Safety Programme
- •Additional Crew Members
- •Ditching
- •Carriage of Persons
- •Crew Responsibilities
- •Responsibilities of the Commander
- •Authority of the Commander
- •Admission to the Flight Deck
- •Unauthorized Carriage
- •Portable Electronic Devices
- •Drugs and Alcohol
- •Endangering Safety
- •Documents to Be Carried
- •Manuals to Be Carried
- •Additional Information and Forms to Be Carried
- •Information to Be Retained on the Ground
- •Power to Inspect
- •Production and Preservation of Documents and Recordings
- •Leasing of Aeroplanes
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •3 Operator Supervision and Certification
- •Rules for the Certification of an Air Operator
- •Applicant Requirements
- •Aeroplane Maintenance
- •Variation, Revocation or Suspension of an AOC
- •Key Post Holders within the Operation
- •Main Operating Base
- •Aeroplanes
- •Other Considerations
- •Contents and Conditions of an AOC
- •Terminology
- •Operations Manual (OM)
- •General Rules for Operations Manuals
- •Ops Manual Amendments
- •Competence of Operations Personnel
- •Aeroplane Maintenance
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •4 Operational Procedures
- •Establishment of Procedures
- •Use of Air Traffic Control
- •Authorization and Selection of Aerodromes by the Operator
- •Meteorological Conditions
- •Approach and Landing Conditions
- •Aerodrome Operating Minima (AOM)
- •Commencement and Continuation of Approach
- •Instrument Departure and Approach Procedures
- •Noise Abatement Procedures
- •Routes and Areas of Operation
- •RVSM Operations
- •Operations in MNPS Airspace
- •Maximum Distance from an Adequate Aerodrome for Two-engine Aeroplanes without an ETOPS Approval
- •Extended Range Operations with Twin-engine Aeroplanes (ETOPS)
- •Establishment of Minimum Flight Altitudes
- •Fuel Policy
- •Carriage of Persons with Reduced Mobility (PRMs)
- •Carriage of Inadmissible Passengers, Deportees or Persons in Custody
- •Stowage of Baggage and Cargo and Galley Equipment
- •Passenger Seating
- •Passenger Briefing
- •Flight Preparation
- •ATS Flight Plan
- •Refuelling and De-fuelling
- •Crew Members at Duty Stations
- •Seats, Safety Belts and Harnesses
- •Smoking
- •Ice and Other Contaminants
- •Use of Supplemental Oxygen
- •Ground Proximity Detection
- •Occurrence Reporting
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •5 All Weather Operations
- •Introduction
- •Aerodrome Operating Minima: Operator’s Responsibility
- •Classification of Aeroplanes
- •Terminology
- •Take-off Minima
- •Visual Reference
- •Required RVR/Visibility
- •Figure 5.2 Exceptions
- •System Minima
- •Non-precision Approach
- •Minimum Descent Height
- •Visual Reference
- •Required RVR
- •No Decision Height Operations
- •Visual Reference
- •Category III RVR Requirements
- •Circling
- •Visual Approach
- •VFR Operating Minima
- •Special VFR
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •6 Aeroplane Equipment and Instruments
- •Introduction
- •Basic Requirements
- •Internal Doors and Curtains
- •First Aid Kits
- •First Aid Oxygen
- •Break-in Markings
- •Means of Emergency Evacuation
- •Cockpit Voice Recorders (CVRs)
- •Summary
- •CVRs – Operation, Construction and Installation
- •Flight Data Recorders (FDRs)
- •Summary
- •Equipment for Compliance with Flight Rules
- •Single-pilot IFR Operations
- •Altitude Alerting System
- •Standby Horizon
- •Aeroplane Lighting
- •Flights over Water
- •Long Range Flights
- •Weather Radar
- •Equipment for Operations in Icing Conditions
- •Machmeter
- •ACAS
- •Communications Equipment
- •Internal Communications
- •Audio Selector Panel (ASP)
- •Navigation Equipment
- •Instrument Procedures
- •Installation
- •Electrical Circuit Fusing
- •Windshield Wipers
- •Items not Requiring Approval
- •Seats and Harnesses
- •‘Fasten Seat Belts’ and ‘No Smoking’ Signs
- •Carriage and Use of Supplemental Oxygen
- •Crew Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE)
- •Crash Axes and Crowbars
- •Megaphones
- •Emergency Lighting
- •Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
- •Survival Equipment
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •7 Crew, Logs and Records
- •Crew Composition
- •Commander
- •Relief of the Commander
- •Relief of the Co-pilot
- •System Panel Operator
- •Relief of System Panel Operator
- •Minimum Flight Crew for Operations under IFR or at Night
- •Conversion, Training and Checking
- •Type Rating
- •Conversion Training
- •Difference and Familiarization Training
- •Recurrent Training and Checking
- •Operator Proficiency Check
- •Line Checks
- •Emergency and Safety Equipment Training and Checking
- •Crew Resource Management (CRM) Training
- •Ground and Refresher Training
- •Aeroplane/STD Training
- •Pilot Qualifications to Operate in Either Pilot Seat
- •Recent Experience
- •Route and Aerodrome Qualification for Commander or PF
- •Operations on More Than One Type or Variant
- •Operation of Aeroplanes and Helicopters
- •Training Records
- •Cabin Crew
- •Journey Log
- •Operational Flight Plan (OFP)
- •Storage Periods
- •Flight and Duty Time Limitations
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •8 Long Range Flight and Polar Navigation
- •Navigation System Degradation
- •Course and INS Cross-checking
- •Unable to Continue in Accordance with ATC Clearance
- •Polar Navigation
- •Grid Navigation
- •Minimum Time Routes
- •Questions
- •Answers.
- •Introduction
- •Considerations
- •References
- •Transoceanic Navigation Problems
- •The Airspace
- •MNPS Authority
- •RVSM
- •Navigation System Requirements
- •Navigation System Serviceability
- •NAT Tracks
- •OTS Track Designation
- •OTS Changeover
- •Track Message Identifier (TMI)
- •Track Routings
- •Allocation of FLs
- •Domestic Routes
- •Polar Track Structure (PTS)
- •Other Routes within NAT MNPS Airspace
- •Route Structures Adjacent to NAT MNPS Airspace
- •Brest Oceanic Transition Area (BOTA)
- •Communications
- •SELCAL
- •Position Reports
- •Radio Failure in the North Atlantic Area
- •Initial Clearance
- •Transition
- •Meteorological Reports
- •Special Contingencies and Procedures
- •Strategic Lateral Offset Procedure (SLOP)
- •Deviation Around Severe Weather
- •Unable to Obtain Revised Clearance
- •Navigation System Failure
- •Errors Associated with Oceanic Clearances
- •Pre-flight and In-flight Procedures
- •Questions
- •Answers.
- •10 Special Operational Procedures and Hazards
- •Operating Procedures
- •Minimum Equipment List (MEL) and Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL)
- •Ground De-icing and Anti-icing Procedures
- •The Clean Aircraft Concept
- •Bird Strike Risk and Avoidance
- •Hazard to Aeroplanes
- •Bird Strike Report
- •Incompatible Land Use around Airports
- •Noise Abatement
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •11 Fire and Smoke
- •Fire and Smoke
- •Fire in the Aeroplane
- •The Number and Location of Hand-held Fire Extinguishers
- •Smoke
- •Crew Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE)
- •Crash Axes and Crowbars
- •Overheated Brakes
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •12 Pressurization Failure
- •Pressurization Failure
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •13 Windshear and Microburst
- •Windshear and Microburst
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •14 Wake Turbulence
- •Wake Turbulence
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •15 Security
- •Security
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •16 Emergency and Precautionary Landings
- •Emergency and Precautionary Landings
- •Ditching
- •Precautionary Landing
- •Passenger Briefing
- •Evacuation
- •Megaphones
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •17 Fuel Jettison
- •Fuel Jettison
- •Jettison System Certification Requirement
- •Jettisoning Procedure
- •Safety
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •18 Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
- •Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
- •Technical Instructions
- •Labelling and Packaging
- •Loading Restrictions
- •Provision of Information
- •Emergencies
- •Training
- •Accident and Incident Reporting
- •Acceptance of Dangerous Goods
- •Inspection for Damage, Leakage or Contamination
- •Labelling
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •19 Contaminated Runways
- •Contaminated Runways
- •Contaminated Runway
- •Damp Runway
- •Wet Runway
- •Dry Runway
- •Contaminant Depth Limitations
- •Aquaplaning (Hydroplaning)
- •Braking Action
- •Coefficient of Friction
- •Performance Considerations
- •SNOWTAMs
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •20 Revision Questions
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •21 Index
Emergency and Precautionary Landings 16
get as far away from the aeroplane as quickly as possible. Even if no fire is present, the risk still remains. During the initial passenger brief, the position of emergency exits and the routes to be taken to them from individual seats is explained. The passenger brief card (one at each seat) will reiterate the information. Successful evacuation of the aeroplane relies on firm control by the cabin crew, imposition of strict discipline and the correct use of the equipment. Drills and crew training are the responsibility of the operator and such procedures including preparation for the evacuation will be detailed in OM Part B. The aircraft must be stopped, and all engines shut down before ordering an evacuation. Aeroplanes with more than 44 passenger seats must be capable of being evacuated in less than 90 seconds in a simulated emergency.
Megaphones
An operator shall not operate an aeroplane with a maximum approved passenger seating configuration of more than 60 and carrying one or more passengers unless it is equipped with portable battery-powered megaphones readily accessible for use by crew members during an emergency evacuation, to the following scales:
For each passenger deck, passenger seating configuration number of megaphones required:
61 to 99 |
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100 or more |
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For aeroplanes with more than one passenger deck, in all cases when the total passenger seating configuration is more than 60, at least 1 megaphone is required.
Emergency and Precautionary Landings 16
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16 Questions
Questions
Questions 16
1.An emergency landing or ditching is defined as:
a.a procedure that is not a normal landing where the intent is to attempt to preserve the integrity of the airframe to permit orderly and controlled evacuation of passengers from the aeroplane.
b.any landing where the pilot does not have full control of the aeroplane.
c.any landing where the structural integrity of the aeroplane has been seriously affected.
d.a landing for which ATC permission has not been previously obtained.
2.The aim of a ditching procedure is:
a.to enable the pilot to land the aeroplane on water rather than a crash landing on land.
b.to land on water if the undercarriage is not able to be lowered correctly.
c.to land the aeroplane on water if it is not possible to reach land.
d.to land the aeroplane on water if it is on fire.
3.A precautionary landing is a procedure that:
a.enables the aeroplane to land at the destination with unserviceabilities that prevent a normal instrument approach being carried out.
b.enables a landing after the declaration of a state of emergency or urgency.
c.enables a landing if it is suspected that the undercarriage is not properly lowered.
d.is carried out in the event of landing at an alternate aerodrome.
4.What is the purpose of the passenger briefing given in the event of a precautionary landing being necessary?
a.To find out if there are any other pilots on board who may have experienced the situation and can help.
b.To prepare the passengers for the worst outcome.
c.To stop the passengers pestering the cabin staff so that they can get on with their preparations for crash-landing or ditching.
d.By involving the passengers and sharing information, fear may be overcome and greater survivability achieved.
5.In the event of a successful crash landing or ditching, rapid and controlled evacuation from the aeroplane is essential. In order to achieve this:
a.all doors and windows should be opened as soon as the aeroplane comes to rest.
b.women and children should be evacuated first.
c.the use of slides/chutes is preferred.
d.the cabin staff have to impress their authority and frequently carry out drills and practices.
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6. |
One way in which passengers can be reassured during an emergency is: |
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to regularly see members of the flight crew calmly moving about the cabin in |
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a relaxed manner. |
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b. |
for the captain or first officer to keep a running commentary going over the |
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PA. |
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c. |
for the cabin staff to ensure that the passengers are aware of what is |
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happening and that they are complying with instructions. |
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d. |
for the cabin staff to direct the passengers’ attention to the emergency |
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passenger brief cards and make sure that they have read them. |
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7. |
Briefing the passengers about the emergency prior to the crash landing /ditching |
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must include: |
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comprehensive brief concerning evacuation. |
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b. |
how to tackle any fires that may result, including the use of extinguishers. |
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c. |
a short brief concerning survival in the environment to be encountered. |
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d. |
deputizing passengers to take over from the crew if they are all killed. |
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8. |
If a ditching is inevitable: |
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non-swimmers are to be evacuated first. |
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b. |
life jackets are to be inflated before leaving the aeroplane. |
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c. |
the use of life jackets is to be reiterated before the ditching. |
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d. |
passengers should be briefed that even if they successfully evacuate the |
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aeroplane it is inevitable that some of them will die from drowning. |
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9. |
Where are details of drills and crew training requirements for evacuation of an |
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aeroplane in an emergency published? |
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a. |
In the Training Manual (Part B section 11 – Emergency Procedures). |
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b. |
In the Aeroplane Manual. |
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In the aircrew training notes. |
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d. |
In the Operations Manual (Part B section 11 – Emergency Evacuation |
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Procedures). |
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10. |
If the captain elects to ditch the aeroplane, it is recommended to: |
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land along the swell. |
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b. |
land into the swell but downwind. |
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c. |
land into the swell but into wind. |
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d. |
land into wind regardless of the swell direction if the wind speed is over 20 kt. |
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11. |
The method of alighting the aeroplane on water during a ditching is to: |
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carry out a normal approach with flaps and gear selected as normal but to |
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calculate all speeds plus 10 kt. |
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reduce the approach angle to 1.5° (150 ft per mile), add 15 kt to all speeds, |
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keep the aeroplane clean (no flaps or gear) and fly it onto the surface. |
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c. |
fly a normal approach but keep the gear up and land at the lowest possible |
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speed with the nose raised for the tail to strike first. |
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d. |
fly a normal approach to stalling speed and then drop the aeroplane vertically |
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onto the water. |
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16 Questions
12. |
During a ditching passenger injuries can be limited by: |
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ensuring that all seat belts are fastened as tightly as possible and passengers |
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brace themselves against the seat in front. |
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b. |
ensuring that seat belts are fastened and passengers adopt a braced position |
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with heads as far forward with hands clasped behind the neck so as to |
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minimize further forward movement of the body at impact, and the wearing |
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of life jackets. |
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c. |
ensure that all loose objects in passenger cabin are held tightly by passengers. |
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d. |
illuminating the No Smoking light, ensuring seats are fully forward, internally |
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stowed dinghies are placed by emergency exits for quick deployment. |
13. |
During a ditching: |
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there will be one or two minor skips after the main impact. |
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it is inevitable that the nose will dig in and the aeroplane will immediately |
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start to submerge. |
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the main effect will be rapid deceleration and the preparation in the cabin will |
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be to counter the effects of this deceleration. |
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d. |
as sea state (wave height and swell height) increases, the effect of the initial |
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high rotation will be reduced and the accompanying uncontrolled roll will |
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disappear. |
14. |
In the event of a precautionary landing, who is responsible for alerting the |
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emergency services? |
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ATC. |
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b. |
The commander. |
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c. |
The local constabulary. |
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d. |
The operations despatcher. |
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Questions |
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208
Questions 16
Questions 16
209