- •Series Editor’s Preface
- •Contents
- •Contributors
- •1 Introduction
- •References
- •2.1 Methodological Introduction
- •2.2 Geographical Background
- •2.3 The Compelling History of Viticulture Terracing
- •2.4 How Water Made Wine
- •2.5 An Apparent Exception: The Wines of the Alps
- •2.6 Convergent Legacies
- •2.7 Conclusions
- •References
- •3.1 The State of the Art: A Growing Interest in the Last 20 Years
- •3.2 An Initial Survey on Extent, Distribution, and Land Use: The MAPTER Project
- •3.3.2 Quality Turn: Local, Artisanal, Different
- •3.3.4 Sociability to Tame Verticality
- •3.3.5 Landscape as a Theater: Aesthetic and Educational Values
- •References
- •4 Slovenian Terraced Landscapes
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.2 Terraced Landscape Research in Slovenia
- •4.3 State of Terraced Landscapes in Slovenia
- •4.4 Integration of Terraced Landscapes into Spatial Planning and Cultural Heritage
- •4.5 Conclusion
- •Bibliography
- •Sources
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.3 The Model of the High Valleys of the Southern Massif Central, the Southern Alps, Castagniccia and the Pyrenees Orientals: Small Terraced Areas Associated with Immense Spaces of Extensive Agriculture
- •5.6 What is the Reality of Terraced Agriculture in France in 2017?
- •References
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.2 Looking Back, Looking Forward
- •6.2.4 New Technologies
- •6.2.5 Policy Needs
- •6.3 Conclusions
- •References
- •7.1 Introduction
- •7.2 Study Area
- •7.3 Methods
- •7.4 Characterization of the Terraces of La Gomera
- •7.4.1 Environmental Factors (Altitude, Slope, Lithology and Landforms)
- •7.4.2 Human Factors (Land Occupation and Protected Nature Areas)
- •7.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •8.1 Geographical Survey About Terraced Landscapes in Peru
- •8.2 Methodology
- •8.3 Threats to Terraced Landscapes in Peru
- •8.4 The Terrace Landscape Debate
- •8.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •9.1 Introduction
- •9.2 Australia
- •9.3 Survival Creativity and Dry Stones
- •9.4 Early 1800s Settlement
- •9.4.2 Gold Mines Walhalla West Gippsland Victoria
- •9.4.3 Goonawarra Vineyard Terraces Sunbury Victoria
- •9.6 Garden Walls Contemporary Terraces
- •9.7 Preservation and Regulations
- •9.8 Art, Craft, Survival and Creativity
- •Appendix 9.1
- •References
- •10 Agricultural Terraces in Mexico
- •10.1 Introduction
- •10.2 Traditional Agricultural Systems
- •10.3 The Agricultural Terraces
- •10.4 Terrace Distribution
- •10.4.1 Terraces in Tlaxcala
- •10.5 Terraces in the Basin of Mexico
- •10.6 Terraces in the Toluca Valley
- •10.7 Terraces in Oaxaca
- •10.8 Terraces in the Mayan Area
- •10.9 Conclusions
- •References
- •11.1 Introduction
- •11.2 Materials and Methods
- •11.2.1 Traditional Cartographic and Photo Analysis
- •11.2.2 Orthophoto
- •11.2.3 WMS and Geobrowser
- •11.2.4 LiDAR Survey
- •11.2.5 UAV Survey
- •11.3 Result and Discussion
- •11.4 Conclusion
- •References
- •12.1 Introduction
- •12.2 Case Study
- •12.2.1 Liguria: A Natural Laboratory for the Analysis of a Terraced Landscape
- •12.2.2 Land Abandonment and Landslides Occurrences
- •12.3 Terraced Landscape Management
- •12.3.1 Monitoring
- •12.3.2 Landscape Agronomic Approach
- •12.3.3 Maintenance
- •12.4 Final Remarks
- •References
- •13 Health, Seeds, Diversity and Terraces
- •13.1 Nutrition and Diseases
- •13.2 Climate Change and Health
- •13.3 Can We Have Both Cheap and Healthy Food?
- •13.4 Where the Seed Comes from?
- •13.5 The Case of Yemen
- •13.7 Conclusions
- •References
- •14.1 Introduction
- •14.2 Components and Features of the Satoyama and the Hani Terrace Landscape
- •14.4 Ecosystem Services of the Satoyama and the Hani Terrace Landscape
- •14.5 Challenges in the Satoyama and the Hani Terrace Landscape
- •References
- •15 Terraced Lands: From Put in Place to Put in Memory
- •15.2 Terraces, Landscapes, Societies
- •15.3 Country Planning: Lifestyles
- •15.4 What Is Important? The System
- •References
- •16.1 Introduction
- •16.2 Case Study: The Traditional Cultural Landscape of Olive Groves in Trevi (Italy)
- •16.2.1 Historical Overview of the Study Area
- •16.2.3 Structural and Technical Data of Olive Groves in the Municipality of Trevi
- •16.3 Materials and Methods
- •16.3.2 Participatory Planning Process
- •16.4 Results and Discussion
- •16.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •17.1 Towards a Circular Paradigm for the Regeneration of Terraced Landscapes
- •17.1.1 Circular Economy and Circularization of Processes
- •17.1.2 The Landscape Systemic Approach
- •17.1.3 The Complex Social Value of Cultural Terraced Landscape as Common Good
- •17.2 Evaluation Tools
- •17.2.1 Multidimensional Impacts of Land Abandonment in Terraced Landscapes
- •17.2.3 Economic Valuation Methods of ES
- •17.3 Some Economic Instruments
- •17.3.1 Applicability and Impact of Subsidy Policies in Terraced Landscapes
- •17.3.3 Payments for Ecosystem Services Promoting Sustainable Farming Practices
- •17.3.4 Pay for Action and Pay for Result Mechanisms
- •17.4 Conclusions and Discussion
- •References
- •18.1 Introduction
- •18.2 Tourism and Landscape: A Brief Theoretical Staging
- •18.3 Tourism Development in Terraced Landscapes: Attractions and Expectations
- •18.3.1 General Trends and Main Issues
- •18.3.2 The Demand Side
- •18.3.3 The Supply Side
- •18.3.4 Our Approach
- •18.4 Tourism and Local Agricultural System
- •18.6 Concluding Remarks
- •References
- •19 Innovative Practices and Strategic Planning on Terraced Landscapes with a View to Building New Alpine Communities
- •19.1 Focusing on Practices
- •19.2 Terraces: A Resource for Building Community Awareness in the Alps
- •19.3 The Alto Canavese Case Study (Piedmont, Italy)
- •19.3.1 A Territory that Looks to a Future Based on Terraced Landscapes
- •19.3.2 The Community’s First Steps: The Practices that Enhance Terraces
- •19.3.3 The Role of Two Projects
- •19.3.3.1 The Strategic Plan
- •References
- •20 Planning, Policies and Governance for Terraced Landscape: A General View
- •20.1 Three Landscapes
- •20.2 Crisis and Opportunity
- •20.4 Planning, Policy and Governance Guidelines
- •Annex
- •Foreword
- •References
- •21.1 About Policies: Why Current Ones Do not Work?
- •21.2 What Landscape Observatories Are?
- •References
- •Index
18 The Challenge of Tourism in Terraced Landscapes |
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by keeping tourism inflows under control and basing tourism development more on quality than on quantity, thus preventing the economy from lapsing into tourism monoculture.
Further commonplace indirect impacts of tourism on terraced landscapes and communities are spatial reorganization (settlements, urban layout, gentrification, rural structures and all sorts of tourism or other infrastructures), in order to cater to the needs of the tourism industry. In addition to the direct material modification and landscape reorganization, most commonly encountered impacts relate to the development of new real estate markets, which tend to push away parts of the community, due to rising land values, opening up the ground for high-end external investments. ‘Traditional’ settlements tend to be reorganized (Terkenli 2001; Tsartas 1996), in order to welcome visitors, losing their ‘authenticity’. Marginality, high vulnerability and other particularities of the built elements in terraced landscapes exacerbate these risks. Modern services required by tourists as well as locals, whose standards of living are raised, thanks to tourism development, may contribute to processes of banalization and commodification (UNESCO 2008). Such risk is attenuated when normative systems are in place, protecting ‘typical’ landscape features, and/or the local communities are aware of and sensitized about their own cultural heritage and keen on preserving it. As a matter of fact, very often tourism development does bring about such expanded acknowledgement of local/ regional natural and cultural resources and landscapes by the locals.
In other cases, when ‘instrumental rationality’ towards the terraced landscape prevails over ‘value rationality’ (see Sect. 18.3), and tourism is primarily planned and managed in order to meet tourist preferences (Arnberger and Eder 2011), local cultures run the risk of reconstruction according to broadly recognizable stereotypes. Such reconstruction often ‘presents tensions between cultural exoticism (tourists’ desire for authenticity by freezing the culture in past representations), cultural commodification (selective modification of culture in accordance with tourists’ taste) and cultural preservation versus modernity (Indigenous people’s desire to achieve modernity)’ (Chan et al. 2016, p. 7). Landscapes, thus, risk being hyper-preserved, through processes of commodification and/or museumification.
18.6Concluding Remarks
Our preceding analysis aimed at highlighting that both risks and opportunities incurred by tourism impacts on visited landscapes are especially pressing in the case of terraced landscapes, running the full range from most negative (i.e. destruction) to most positive (i.e. rejuvenation) possible consequences. Even though the diagrams used in this chapter present mass and mild tourism as two opposite extremes, often with negative and positive connotations, there are actually many degrees and forms of tourism development, in-between, and at various geographically connected scales.
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T. S. Terkenli et al. |
Unregulated heavy use and intense concentration of tourists and tourism infrastructures on the terraces may pose irreversible harm to the visited landscapes, in lieu of boosting local development. On the contrary, the involvement of the local community in relevant decision-making is essential, local tourism factors and entrepreneurs ought to be accountable to their communities, while also professionally equipped, trained and skilled in sustainable tourism planning and management. Moreover, the recycling of tourism profits and benefits should concern not only the tourism sector itself but also the entire community, including farmers.
The existence, value and sustainability of terraced landscape tourism are highly relevant to the scale and intensity of tourism types and activities in time-space, pointing once again to a higher suitability and compatibility of milder tourism uses with terraced landscapes and their resources, amenities and other ecosystem services, as provided both to visitors and to the local/regional societies. Thus, the type of tourism that would be better suited here is reliant on local or regional natural and cultural resources. Moreover, extensive rather than intensive terraced landscape tourism uses—depending also on the type of terrace functions and structures—are more efficient, rewarding and/or profitable for the local/regional societies and economies.
In order to seize tourism as an opportunity and address the above-mentioned risks, a multiscalar approach is required, through strong connections between local community initiatives and sustainable tourism development policies and strategies, at various levels, together with a high awareness of the local communities as regards their natural and cultural heritage, as represented by their terraced landscapes.
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